The role of parental fearfulness and modeling in children's fear.

The present study investigated the contribution of parental modeling to the fearfulness of children. Forty children (aged 9-12) who were referred to an outpatient treatment centre filled out the trait version of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) and the revised version of the Fear Survey Schedule for Children (FSSC). The parents of the children completed adult versions of the STAI-trait and the FSS. In addition, parents rated to what extent they generally expressed fears to their children. Results showed that trait anxiety in children was positively associated with trait anxiety of both the mother (r = 0.34, P < 0.05) and the father (r = 0.31, P < 0.05). Fearfulness of the children was only related to fearfulness of the mother (r = 0.56, P < 0.001). Most importantly, the data showed that modeling played a role in this relationship. A linear association between FSSC scores and mothers' rating of expressing fears to their children was found. That is to say, children of mothers who never expressed their fears had the lowest FSSC scores, children of mothers who often expressed their fears had the highest FSSC scores, whereas children of mothers who sometimes expressed their fears scored in between.